Lesson 5 of 9 / Nutrition and transport in flowering plants
Measuring photosynthesis
What would make a pondweed comparison fair?
In this lesson: Plan and interpret investigations of light, carbon dioxide or temperature using oxygen output as a rate indicator.
About 6 min
The key ideaChange one factor, control the others and measure oxygen output over a fixed time. Repeated measurements make the comparison more reliable.
- Change
- Change measured light intensity or lamp distance.
- Keep comparable
- Keep temperature, CO2 availability, plant amount and timing comparable.
| Condition | Volume (cm3) | Rate (cm3/min) |
|---|---|---|
| Low light | 2 | 1 |
| Medium light | 4 | 2 |
| Higher light | 6 | 3 |
A closer lamp may warm the water. Use temperature control and allow adjustment before measuring. Divide volume by 2 minutes to obtain the rates shown.
Green: aquatic plant. White gas in the inverted tube: collected oxygen. This schematic omits support stands. Bubble sizes vary; oxygen volume per time is generally a better measure than bubble count, and dissolved/respired oxygen is not collected.
Explanation
A submerged aquatic plant can release oxygen during photosynthesis. Collecting the gas and measuring its volume per unit time provides an estimate of photosynthetic activity. Counting bubbles is simpler but less precise because bubble sizes can differ. Some oxygen dissolves or is used in respiration, so the output is not a perfect measure of total photosynthesis.
To investigate light, vary lamp distance or measured light intensity. Keep temperature and carbon dioxide availability constant, and use comparable plant material and the same measurement time. A lamp can also warm the water, so a heat shield or controlled water bath helps separate light from temperature effects.
To investigate carbon dioxide availability, use comparable bicarbonate solutions while holding light and temperature constant. To investigate temperature, use controlled water baths while keeping light and carbon dioxide availability comparable. Allow the plant time to adjust before measuring each condition.
Repeat each condition, calculate a mean and divide oxygen volume by time to compare rates. Increasing light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration can raise the rate, but the rate may level off when another requirement restricts further increase. A positive plateau means continuing photosynthesis at a steady rate, not that the process has stopped.
Increasing temperature from a low value can increase the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions. At sufficiently high temperatures the rate can fall as enzymes are impaired or denatured. Describe the rise, plateau or fall shown in the actual data; do not assume an unlimited increase or one optimum temperature for every plant.
Step by step
- 1
Design the comparison
Choose light, CO2 or temperature and state how the other two are controlled.
- 2
Measure a rate
Collect oxygen volume over a known time; repeat under comparable conditions.
- 3
Interpret with limits
Use the data trend, noting bubble-size differences or oxygen dissolution where relevant.
Worked example
Convert output to rate
In an illustrative experiment, 6.0 cm3 of oxygen is collected in 3 minutes. Calculate the rate and state one reason it estimates rather than directly measures total photosynthesis.
One way to explain it
The measured oxygen-output rate is 6.0 / 3 = 2.0 cm3 per minute. Some oxygen may dissolve in the water or be used in respiration rather than collected.
Why this answer works
- Divide volume by time.
- Include rate units.
- Link the limitation to the measured output rather than dismissing the experiment.
Is this true? "Moving a lamp closer changes only light intensity."
It can also increase temperature. A fair test must control or monitor this additional change.