Chapter 8
Thermal processes
Temperature differences cause net energy transfer by heating.
Explain how thermal energy transfers and how a design can increase or reduce the transfer.
Includes thermal equilibrium, particle explanations, radiation factors and controlled comparisons. For K326 / K327 (2027) / 5086 / 5087 (2026).
Choose a topic
Heating and conduction
Explain thermal equilibrium and conduction through particles and mobile electrons.
Convection in fluids
Connect heating, density differences and bulk fluid movement.
Thermal radiation
Explain transfer across a vacuum and compare surface finish, temperature and area.
Controlling thermal transfer
Explain flask and cooling designs and plan a fair thermal comparison.