Development and the global economy
H2 Geography - syllabus 9173, 2027
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Follow trade, investment and workers across borders, and explain how firms, states and institutions shape uneven development.
- Development at different scales
Development varies at every scale; a national or regional average can hide large differences within it.
- Changing trade and capital flows
Trade and investment have expanded and shifted since the 1950s, but their benefits and destinations remain uneven.
- Changing labour flows
Labour migration connects places through work, income and skills, but opportunities and costs are uneven.
- Changes in economic structure
A sector's share can fall because other sectors grow faster; it need not mean the sector produces less.
- Global economic interdependence
Flows connect places; dependence on those flows means that a change in one place can affect others.
- Global production networks
A global production network connects the firms, workers and places involved in making, moving and using a product.
- Economic impacts of TNCs
Overseas production redistributes jobs, income and knowledge; gains depend on the links each place retains.
- Social and environmental impacts of TNCs
A cleaner production site or a new job can be a gain, but the full judgement must follow people and pollution across the network.
- States and TNCs
States can shape TNC activity through rules and incentives, but their influence depends on what firms need and what governments can enforce.
- Labour and TNCs
Workers influence production through skills and collective action, while firms and states shape their opportunities and bargaining position.
- ASEAN and regional integration
ASEAN cooperation can make regional production and trade easier, but agreed aims and actual implementation are different.
- The WTO and World Bank
The WTO shapes agreed trade rules; the World Bank supports development through finance and knowledge. Their influence works through different mechanisms.