Chapter summary
Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions, at a glance
Calculate acidity, follow titrations and buffers, and predict whether an ionic solid dissolves or precipitates.
A-Level 9476 (2026-2027)
Quick revision
Revisit the essentials, then return to an explanation when you need it.
- Has acid reacted with base?
Do the mole balance and dilution first.
- Identify what remains
Strong excess: concentration directly. Weak acid/base alone: small-dissociation model. Conjugate pair: buffer ratio.
- Check conditions
Use the stated temperature, correct Kw, justified approximation and relevant indicator range.
Buffers resist small changes by consuming the addition; they have finite capacity. Ocean CO2 uptake consumes carbonate and lowers pH. For solubility, compare the free-ion product with Ksp: a common ion suppresses dissolution, while complexing a dissolved ion can promote it.