Describe visible evidence first, then explain what it suggests and what extra information is needed.
A landscape photograph shows ground-level detail and apparent height, but foreground objects can hide what lies behind them. An aerial photograph reveals layouts from above. Satellite images cover wider areas and may record different spectral bands; colours can be processed rather than natural.
Check location, date, orientation, scale and source where available. A single image is a moment, not a trend. Compare images using compatible seasons, resolution and viewing conditions before claiming change. A dark water surface does not by itself establish pollution.
An illustration or schematic diagram selects features to explain an idea. Arrows may show direction rather than measured speed. Read labels and the stated simplifications. A diagram of a drainage basin can explain pathways but cannot predict a real flood without data.
A cartoon expresses a viewpoint through selection, exaggeration or symbols. Identify the depicted issue, visual evidence and implied claim. Explain whose interests are highlighted or omitted and compare the claim with other evidence. Neither a photograph nor a cartoon is a complete, neutral account of a place.
Step by step
Describe
Name specific visible features and their locations in the image.
Interpret
Connect the evidence to a process or viewpoint with a clear explanation.
Qualify
State what date, perspective or missing data prevents you from concluding.
Worked example: Read a fictional cartoon
Imagine an official celebrating ten new benches while a wheelchair user faces steps leading to them. The contrast criticises provision without usable access. It is a viewpoint about a possible problem, not proof that a named town has that problem.
Watch out for this
A photograph shows everything that matters at that place.
The frame, perspective and time select what is visible. Experiences, causes and conditions outside the frame need additional evidence.
Check your understanding
Two aerial photographs show different amounts of exposed riverbed. What should be checked before claiming permanent channel change?
- Dates, flow conditions, scale and viewing comparability.
- Which photograph has brighter colours.
- Whether the second photograph looks newer.